{"id":6538,"date":"2025-05-04T15:17:46","date_gmt":"2025-05-04T11:17:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eoninvestment.com\/?p=6538"},"modified":"2026-04-13T16:30:54","modified_gmt":"2026-04-13T12:30:54","slug":"3-kpis-for-factory-based-business","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eoninvestment.com\/ka\/2025\/05\/04\/3-kpis-for-factory-based-business\/","title":{"rendered":"<span class=\"eon-recovered-georgian-title\" data-no-translation=\"\">3 KPI&#039;s \u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10dd \u10d1\u10d8\u10d6\u10dc\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1<\/span>"},"content":{"rendered":"<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The most inefficient factory is the one where every machine and worker operates at full capacity\u2026<\/strong><br \/>Yes, it\u2019s counterintuitive. A stopped machine or idle worker should logically signal inefficient use of resources\u2026<br \/>But as the well-tested Theory of Constraints (ToC) teaches, reality is quite the opposite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ToC is discussed in all academic literature on operations management, but I particularly liked the business novel <em>The Goal<\/em> by Eliyahu M. Goldratt. It presents both the core challenges and solutions from a practical point of view.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The theory defines <strong>three key indicators<\/strong> for evaluating a manufacturing business, and focusing on improving these provides the basis for sound decision-making. While the terms are traditional, ToC gives them a new and powerful meaning:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Throughput<\/strong> \u2013 the rate at which the system generates money through sales.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Inventory<\/strong> \u2013 the money invested in purchasing raw materials.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Operating Expense<\/strong> \u2013 the money spent to convert inventory into throughput.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/eoninvestment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/image-1.png?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"934\" height=\"648\" data-attachment-id=\"6569\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/eoninvestment.com\/ka\/2025\/05\/04\/3-kpis-for-factory-based-business\/image-425\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/eoninvestment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/image-1.png?fit=934%2C648&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"934,648\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/eoninvestment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/image-1.png?fit=934%2C648&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/eoninvestment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/image-1.png?resize=934%2C648&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6569\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These three indicators are based on the understanding that the true goal of business is <strong>creating value<\/strong>, which is ultimately measured by the money it generates (Cash is King).<br \/>The goal is not to reduce costs, produce more, grow sales, employ more people, or anything else\u2026 A factory exists to <strong>generate money<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Maximizing <strong>Throughput<\/strong> means management should stop focusing on improving <strong>local efficiencies<\/strong> and instead prioritize the <strong>overall efficiency of the system<\/strong> (which, in practice, is often neglected).<br \/>Overall efficiency depends on the system&#8217;s <strong>bottleneck<\/strong> \u2013 the weakest link in the chain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Any optimization, new equipment, additional professionals, or increased capacity <strong>beyond the bottleneck<\/strong> is wasted effort\u2026<br \/>These decisions don&#8217;t increase sales (since the speed of final product output doesn&#8217;t change) and instead lead to <strong>excess work-in-progress inventory<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So the essence of successful management lies in <strong>focusing on the bottlenecks<\/strong> and adapting to changing demand.<br \/>This means:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ensuring uninterrupted flow at the bottleneck by creating <strong>material and time buffers before it<\/strong>, and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Synchronizing all other production processes to avoid overproduction and inventory buildup.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All of these: <strong>Lean, Just-in-Time, Kanban, Drum-Buffer-Rope<\/strong> \u2013 are based on one fundamental idea, just applied in different contexts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Goldratt\u2019s article on this, <strong>\u201cStanding on the Shoulders of Giants \u2013 Production Concepts versus Production Applications\u201d<\/strong>, especially the Hitachi Tool Engineering example, is highly recommended.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now, as for why <strong>direct labor and other production expenses<\/strong> are not included in Inventory and are instead classified as Operating Expenses:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Capitalizing direct production costs into inventory creates the illusion of profit<\/strong> in financial statements.<br \/>ToC warns that this approach <strong>incentivizes the overproduction of unnecessary work-in-progress<\/strong>.<br \/>Management must realize that producing for the future is like <strong>loaning money to the future with zero interest<\/strong>&#8230;<br \/>Excess inventory should be seen as a <strong>liability, not an asset<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And what happens when the system&#8217;s bottleneck has <strong>more capacity than market demand<\/strong>? That is, when there is <strong>no actual internal bottleneck<\/strong>?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This often occurs after expanding capacity during an economic boom, only to face overcapacity in a downturn.<br \/>In such cases, the <strong>bottleneck lies outside the system<\/strong>, so the focus must shift <strong>outward<\/strong> \u2013 to sales, marketing, pricing strategy, or new markets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In conclusion<\/strong>, every important decision in manufacturing management should be evaluated in light of these three indicators.<br \/>Improving one indicator doesn\u2019t automatically mean improvement overall.<br \/>Reducing operating expenses means nothing if inventory grows.<br \/>Likewise, reducing inventory is pointless if it hurts sales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Goal by Eliyahu Goldratt &#038; Jeff Cox<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd, \u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d0, \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e2\u10d5\u10d8\u10e0\u10e2\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7 \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10dd\u10d1\u10e1&#8230; \u10d9\u10d8, \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0-\u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10e3\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0. \u10d2\u10d0\u10e9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8, \u10d0\u10dc \u10d9\u10d0\u10d3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1&#8230; \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d2\u10d6\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10ea\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d6\u10e6\u10e3\u10d3\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 (Theory [\u2026]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":12998525,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_eon_insights_quality":"","_eon_insights_decision":"","_eon_insights_destination":"","_eon_insights_merge_group":"","_eon_insights_required_changes":"","_eon_insights_start_order":0,"_eon_featured_insight":0,"_eon_insights_map_version":"","_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[780751379,104753438],"tags":[762528,787419,8220174],"eon_topic":[],"eon_learning_path":[],"eon_collection":[],"eon_level":[784445726],"eon_content_type":[],"eon_source":[784445724],"eon_idea":[784445702],"eon_framework":[],"class_list":["post-6538","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-the-goal-by-eliyahu-goldratt-jeff-cox","category-investor-psychology","tag-bottleneck","tag-theory-of-constraints","tag-troughput","eon_level-basic","eon_source-the-goal-by-eliyahu-goldratt-jeff-cox","eon_idea-investor-psychology"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>3 KPI&#039;s For Factory Based Business - Eon Investment<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/eoninvestment.com\/ka\/2025\/05\/04\/3-kpis-for-factory-based-business\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ka_GE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"3 KPI&#039;s For Factory Based Business - Eon Investment\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd, \u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d0, \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0 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\u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10ea\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d6\u10e6\u10e3\u10d3\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 (Theory [\u2026]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/eoninvestment.com\/ka\/2025\/05\/04\/3-kpis-for-factory-based-business\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Eon Investment\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/facebook.com\/eoninvestment\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-05-04T11:17:46+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-04-13T12:30:54+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/eoninvestment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/image-1.png?w=934\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"neoinsight\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"neoinsight\" \/>\n\t<meta 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