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Risk

Precision formulas for β

One reason for using comparable companies’ data to derive the beta of a listed company is that it yields a more accurate beta. Is it worth the effort? […]

August 3, 2025 Advanced
Risk

4 Versions of Un-Levering Formulas

When valuing an organization, it’s easy to make mistakes if you approach the calculation of Cost of Equity and WACC superficially — because intrinsic value is highly sensitive […]

August 2, 2025 Advanced
DCF Valuation

FCF Growth

In business valuation, a common mistake is the incorrect determination of free cash flow (FCF [t+1]) at the beginning of the stable, or long-term growth period, which can […]

July 12, 2025 Advanced
DCF Valuation

Weighted Average Growth

It’s interesting that the valuation of an organization could be influenced by a simple analysis of growth rates despite the organization possibly experiencing rapid growth in the initial […]

July 6, 2025 Advanced
DCF Valuation

Verification of a Fin Model

Verification of Financial Models Using Ratio Analysis When building a financial model to assess an organization’s intrinsic value and making future forecasts, it is crucial to verify the […]

June 22, 2025 Advanced
Cross-Border Valuation

Cross-Border Valuation

When evaluating investments outside, two approaches are used: 1. Forecasting is done by the investor in the organization’s base currency or 2. Forecasting is done in the target […]

June 21, 2025 Advanced
Real Estate Development

OCC of Real Estate Development

Investments in real estate consist of various stages, and at each stage, both the risk and the corresponding expected return (Opportunity Cost of Capital) differ. Initially, risks are […]

May 26, 2025 Advanced